Lohri Invitation Messages

2009: The year by IBM celebrates a lot of anniversaries, and to 100 years in Germany must prepare

2009 is the year in which the IBM Users Association GSE in Germany is 50 years old. 2009 is the year in which IBM contributes in the U.S. for 85 years with IBM. 2009 is the year in which its German subsidiary, the former German Hollerith Maschinen Gesellschaft, rechristened the International Bureau in Germany machines, from IBM Germany.
in all of this is already a curiosity: the IBM Germany is actually older than their American mother. While IBM Corp.. their birth with the arrival of Thomas J. Watson Senior 1 May 1914 indicating celebrates the IBM Germany in 1910 as its founding year. Back then in Berlin, the German Hollerith Maschinen Gesellschaft (Dehomag) out of the baptism. Reason enough, in 2009 already be celebrating in detail the history of IBM - especially as the selling agency in October 2009, 25 years ago that the book "Into the blue - IBM and its competitors" was released. The author Raymond Vollmer. He accompanied the history of IBM since 1975 and has built up to an extensive archive. "Blue Wonder" will be published here as a diary.
addition, the IBM Users Association GUIDE SHARE EUROPE (GSE) in 2009 for half a century old. This is also an important occasion, the history of IBM and its customers in Review.

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3:13 Strategy comparison

These figures evaluate a different strategy to both companies in the market penetrated Remington sought success in the full range of office equipment. A homogeneous distribution organization was thus not possible. This led to considerable friction.
The structured sales organization Watson was the competitor that diversification in product range leads to frustration in the profit sector. The concentration led to the explosion that changed the market landscape for decades in favor of IBM.
In this situation, in which frittered away the only competitor, IBM was able to cultivate a Stratgie that tied her to her customers completely. Punch-card machines were then rented exclusively. This was the constant Connection ensures the customer. This ratio was even deepened by the user to the group forced to use only IBM punch cards. This justification has been advanced that sounded plausible but it was not. The VBs argued, as now, when it comes to mixed hardware goes, "Our extensive demands on the punch card will be determined by the machine, it is feared that enough punch cards that are beyond our quality control, not the performance characteristics of our products this could be.. malfunctions cause for which we can of course take no responsibility. "
1936 forbade the Supreme Court of the United States, this Koppelei and ordered the first unbundling. Consequences: zero. For fleichzeitig IBM was raised to the punch-card MOT: you certain only the quality of the cards could be run with those on their products.
The dominance in the punch-card business remained unaffected. She was then also the prerequisite for success with computers, and the competitors looked back into the tube.

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harvest 3:12 46

Powers suffered the fate of many late-IBM competitors. Although this company was in 1921 but again a great technical Gag with the announcement of an alphanumeric accounting machines, the first IBM Ten years later disposal. This showed for the first time that IBM alone sets the time at which the market for a technological innovation is ready. For Powers, it did not get to the production advantage in the market under control. The cost situation in human resources with potential buyers simply have not required the use of modern Raionalisierungsgeräte.
Ten years later the time was ripe, and IBM earned. The proportion of sales of computer equipment jumped to 51 percent.
This trend to product concentration is not understood by the competitors. Powers merged in 1927 with Jim edge to an office machine company, the Remington Rand Corporation.
point of comparison 1930: This year, IBM went a turnover of 20.3 million dollars, Remington Rand scored $ 60 million.
point of comparison, 1946: Remington Rand increases by 65 percent to 107 million dollars. The IBM catapulted by 500 percent to $ 119,400,000.

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3.11 in tension

1914: New to the CTR - Thomas J. Watson Sr., in 1924 the company gave its name to IBM.

Watson was assigned when he joined the CTR a unique role: the different interests of the motley group company to consolidate. The tension has acted in the Watson, was loaded from Flint, the Group hobbyists, Hollerith, inventor of the idiosyncratic, and George W. Fairchild, providing the capital. Watson broke away from this conflict of interest by total concentration on the sale of punch-card systems, the services provided in 1924 some 25 percent of sales.
When Watson started in 1914 sales, there was already a competitor that better equipment sold cheaper. The Powers Company offered products that had unique advantages: automatic result print works and electric punch. During this fact-minded Hollerith ignored, Watson established the first crash program under the title "Department of demands of the future". Behind it hid nothing else than the competing product disassemble, analyze, and improve.

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3:10 Small punch-card Teaching


Photo: Raimund Vollmer, 2004: IBM museum in Sindelfingen

Who says IBM, says the market. Who calls the market, says IBM. The absolute dominance of the multinationals has always been founded less on an innovative edge that IBM had only rare, but more to the delay of market-oriented inventions. According to the saying that the "non-profit in their own country is one of" a young German-born mining engineer was in the final quarter of last century in the land of limited Unmlglichkeiten and distinguished himself as a people counter new nation. For this evaluation, designed this man called Hollerith Zählblättchen he advanced to punch cards. In 1884, he filed several patents for punched card technology, which he applied in 1890 for the eleventh census. From then on, the new Volkszählwerk went through the whole world.
The typical configuration of a punch card system was maintained for decades and changed only in the processing speeds. Basic items of equipment were the keypunch (holes) for data collection, the sorting machine for processing just lining up the data and computing tabulating the evaluation and collection of information.
Watson immediately recognized commercial value in use of this procedure.
At the beginning of the twenties was the punch card technology almost exclusively in the public sector. The first commercial application was the New York Central Railroad, which leased for cargo statistics and accounting an asset. The triumph of data processing and IBM began. At the same time there was the first market-sharing. While employed the Hollerith disciples Powers with the development of new machines on electro-mechanical way, Watson sat on the appeal of electromagnetic products. Although Powers won the prestigious project, the 13 pregnant Census, but he could not beat the market determining capital from it as it Watsons Sales methods had nothing to oppose.
Until the sixties of the 20th Century, dominated the hole, although a great wave of innovation had already set the sign of the computer age, the mass distribution of punch cards and punch card machines conserved over a decade across the tube era, the 1946 with the development of ENIAC was Remington Rand begun. Watson's rigid adherence to the principle of punch cards was still no damage. For his very clever market-based management, the delay tactics dominated excellent. When IBM came after years of using computers on the market, it was the easiest exercise for professionals from the hole card business, a new Success punch.

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03.09 08.03 provincialism


group smith: Charles R. Flint (1925)

After the coup, which had a widespread impact on the result of the German-Americans founded in 1896, the Tabulating Machine Company for the commercial exploitation of its patents. The mass distribution but hesitated. Hollerith lacked the money. This was because he had organized the distribution amateurish. By 1911 his company had not a single vendor. This was the first time the deficiency, still suffering from the many competitors of IBM: the implementation of investments into cash. Hollerith, who had no seller, sold (and his idea) to C. Flint, one of the most outstanding personalities of the time.
Flint Watson created and therefore IBM.
Watson led the company from the provincialism Hollerith shear stamping the center of data processing. However he needed for almost ten years he spent in largely anonymous. Only with the renaming of CTR in 1924 in IBM flashed his name at large.

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stories of DV

image: Herman Hollerith

This German (Hollerith was of German descent, d.Red.) Stood in the tradition of thinkers, which since 2600 BC with multinational the development of data processing employed. At that time, the mathematical geniuses invented Chinese Suan Pan. The Egyptian shoot invented 900 years later, the second generation of the prehistoric world market, more than 1300 years later Abax in Greece and the Romans turned up another 300 years later abacus perfected. Then: 1200 years of reflection. Only the Spaniards Lull ventured back to the 1275 draft thinking machine, which he needed for a large-scale proof of belief. Adam Riese (1520) and Wilhelm Schickard (1623) were the first Germans who intervened in the data processing business. Schickard is considered one of the fathers of computer engineering, whose six-digit addition and Subtraktionsmaschine The French philosopher Blaise Pascal extended by two points. The technological leap to a system that dominated all four basic arithmetic in theory, managed Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz. The Rev. Phillip M. Hahn, a Swabian inventor was, Leibniz into practice and built the first functioning 4-species calculator. This happened 1744th
This machine, which was refined by Joseph-Marie Jacquard for the first "punch card-driven process computers" and the idea of Charles Babbage was taken, was the basis for continuing to this day IBM's success, by Herman Hollerith introduced technological and Thomas J. Watson has been used commercially.
Hollerith, the inventor of data acquisition. He put everything on one card, which was dovetailed clear - through the hole. He had the New World under control. In the U.S. census in the 90 years of the 19th Century proved to be punch-card method for the first time in a mass test.

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3.7 Introduction to the punch card method

hero Herman Hollerith 1979: The Palatine and co-author Herman K. Reiboldt stayed on the 50th Anniversary of the death of his "compatriot" Herman Hollerith in the footsteps of the Palatine, who was born in 1860 in the U.S. but ...



Kaufman is a profession, the seller must be born. Watson was a salesman, He was appointed to the merchant. C. Flint, an entrepreneurial genius who knew the right time to close three of its different companies in a group together. The range of those companies will today as a model for crisis-proof diversification (as long as they are not involved in the IT sector) are valid. The spectrum ranged from slicers on computing scales, retail facilities and time clocks to. The really advanced the field was of a man brought into the profit community, who gave a method for decades a name, but had even the least financial benefit from it: Herman Hollerith.